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Autumn Olive

I’ve put in my time in the invasives war: digging wild chervil, clipping buckthorn, hacking at Japanese knotweed. I’ve been reasonably relentless, and many times have pointed out these bad plants to unsuspecting friends and other landowners in an effort to spur them to action.

But even if I engaged in this effort full time, I’m afraid I will always have more invasives on my conscience than I can possibly eradicate.

About forty years ago, we planted 100 autumn olives on the place where I used to live in Corinth. I think they were free; if not they were very cheap. A long list of wildlife species was going to benefit from our plantings. We were going to be delighted by the countless mammals and birds that would be drawn to our yard by the tasty fruits.

Plus, autumn olive was known for its toughness. These little babies weren’t going to disappear into the grass like the elderberries and viburnums I had spent good money on in earlier years.

And how true this last part turned out to be. I haven’t lived at that place for 25 years, but when I stopped by last fall, I was horrified. Autumn olives are everywhere. They are scattered all over the abandoned fields and are well established on a neighbor’s land. The dense shrubs were loaded with small pinkish berries the day I stopped by, ripening up and getting ready to advance the front line.

I have even found autumn olives growing several miles away, although I hold out the dim hope that someone else has these farther flung ones on their conscience. I can’t deal with the thought of having caused that much environmental degradation.

How could I have done such a stupid thing? It wasn’t a glossy catalog photo that seduced me. It was the Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife. As I recall, I picked the plants up when I was collecting the red pines, white pines, white cedars, and larches that I also planted that year. Across the region, government biologists were extolling the virtues of autumn olive, Russian olive, and worse, multiflora rose. Today, we all know better.

The dogged advance of these and other non-native plants is something to behold. Not only do these invasives lack native predators and pests, they also engage in chemical warfare. Autumn olive secretes a substance that interferes with native plants’ ability to obtain nitrogen, and then walks right over them.

Scientists are currently studying these chemical mechanisms in hopes of neutralizing this unfair advantage. Whether it will result in successful ways to fight back is not clear. We could all use some more effective ammunition than clippers and Roundup.

Discussion *

Apr 23, 2021

Are the Autumn Olive in all the counties in Vermont??

Carmella Joseph
Oct 29, 2015

Jenn in PA, I know this is almost a year after your post, but we just happened to make scones with whole autumn olive berries in them, in place of raisins. They were delicious (much less tart than raw).

Kat
Nov 01, 2014

Has anyone tried baking with whole Autumn Olives in places of cranberries or currants? Was just wondering what the results were.

Jenn
Jan 10, 2014

Virginia Barlow,
I live here in Corinth and would be so interested to go and pick the Autumn olive for their delicious fruit in the fall.  Let me know if we can talk more about this.
Kind Regards, Sarah Corrigan

Sarah
Mar 20, 2012

But how did the wildlife like the Autumn Olives?  Deer, Turkey, Birds & etc??

Brian J. Mader
Apr 22, 2010

I have been involved with invasive control on my property through the WHIP program. It drives me crazy to go to any of the local nurseries and find them selling some of the things I have been breaking my back trying to get rid of! Until invasive species are proibited from sale in the state, I don’t see us making any progress.

Ann Plourde
Apr 18, 2010

A local nature center recently took up the task of trying to eradicate the Autumn Olive that had overrun the landscape there so it could be restored to its natural environment.  They did an impressive job, cutting most of it out, but are left with unsightly stumps everywhere.  After learning about their project I identified many Autumn Olive plants on my property and new ones growing as well.  I am planning to try and rid myself of them if at all possible.  Any advise on how to proced would be great.

Kyle Reynolds
Apr 18, 2010

Autumn olive is an excellent wild edible.  I do not discourage it on my property—I harvest it.  I use the berries to make an excellent jelly.  Friends of mine use them to make delicious fruit leather, sauces, and juices.  They are rich in the phytochemical lycopene, which may help prevent cancer.

My chickens love the berries.  The berry-laden branches that I throw into the chicken yard cause a veritable feeding frenzy.  The chickens enjoy them from late summer, when they are just beginning to turn red, until they are gone in November.  This is a long season of a wild and nutritious treat for them.

After the leaves fall, my rabbits love the twigs and bark.  I harvest autumn olive branches for them all winter long.  They like them almost as much as they like apple twigs.

Maybe someday someone will breed autumn olive to create a less aggressive bush that produces larger, sweeter berries, to appeal to the consumer.  Will that be better?  I’m not so sure.  I figure it’s fine to just harvest them from the wild.  Yes, the plant has changed the habitat, perhaps for the worse, but it’s probably better than a chemically maintained monoculture, which is where most of our food comes from.  The more autumn olive I eat, the less I eat from those monocultures.  It’s local, too!

One can think of autumn olive as invasive, but one could also think of it as a terrific food plant that requires no chemical assistance to bear well.

Janet Pesaturo
Apr 17, 2010

I’m a native Cape Codder and can offer some perspective on what an area can come to look like after nonnatives have had centuries to settle in. On my parents’ 4 and 1/2 acre plot I’ve noted the following: ailanthus, common privet, 2 types of barberry, vine and bush honeysuckles, buckthorn, multiflora and rugosa rose, oriental bittersweet, Norway and sycamore (pseudoplanatus) maples, garlic mustard, wineberry, knotweed, butterfly bush, burning bush, phragmites, wisteria, and Russian (but not autumn) olive. Fraxinus Excelsior (European ash) is also becoming surprisingly aggressive. Now it appears that some of the more aggressive nonnatives (bittersweet and multiflora rose in particular) are actually pushing out the other invasives.

Anyone who wishes to see what New England will look like after another hundred years of inaction on this issue should take a look at the Cape. The open land here (what remains) is fairly devoid of ecological or economic function. Thanks for bringing up the issue. It’s more important (dare I say dire?) than most people think.

Oh, and I forgot about porcelainberry. It resembles grape vine, to which it is related. Beware!

Rob Daniels
Apr 17, 2010

Our tree farm’s major invasives are buckthorn, multiflora, Japanese barberry, and autumn olive. We have a lovely colony of fringed gentian that pops their beautiful blue flowers up in late September and bloom undaunted through a frost or two. Into this treasured area crept autumn olive. I didn’t notice it until they got knee high. I mowed them the first couple of years after the gentians went to sleep for the winter. However, the olives came back stronger. Thus, I brought in the backhoe and dug each one up and burned them the following spring. They’re gone from that spot, but lurk elsewhere on the property. I’m merely corraling my invasives, but I think I’m having some affect.

Myra Ferguson
Apr 17, 2010

Virginia:

Other species of once (December 1969) recommended “wildlife plantings” (by the USDA Soil Conservation Service or “SCS”) were Tartarian and Amur Honeysuckle. I came across the pamplet (PA-940) while going through old files. As a retired USDA Forest Service biologist, I wonder how much of the “expert advice” we have given (like stocking various fishes all over the world) has had unintended deleterious consequences.

I have wonderfully vigorous stands of the tartarian honeysuckle and purple loosestrife on the farm here that the SCS cost-shared to plant and that NRCS is now cost-sharing with me to eradicate! I am engaged in trench warfare as (“Dr. Death” with the Roundup) each year. So far all I am able to accomplish (after about five years of pretty intense battles) is a modicum of control. I dont’ think eradication is feasible with current technologies!

Sincerely Sadder but Wiser,

Paul Brouha

Paul Brouha
Apr 16, 2010

My nemisis is oriental bittersweet. Since my teens I have been roaming forests from Pennsylvania to Maine clipping and yanking the cursed stuff. Once you get an eye for it, you will see it is almost everywhere, and no wonder, birds love it. So do some well meaning people who make decorative wreaths from berry laden stems. Unknowingly, they introduce the vine into their gardens and hedgerows. At that point, it can be easy to pull up and stop the spread, but most people are oblivious to the small plants. Once established, it is quite tedious to entirely remove. A job well beyond most gardeners’ attention spans or ability.

Clipping provides immediate gratification in the battle against the onslaught, but it sprouts right back from the stump and sends up shoots from the roots, which may range far from the stump. Occasionally, sawing a very old (40 years or so) specimen will blessedly kill it outright. Pulling the vine right out of the ground is effective, but backbreaking, as well as near impossible once the stem has become established. Herbicides work, but are beyond my means outside of a spot application.

To me, these vines are unsightly parasites, twisting, bending and strangling everything in their path. They may be an economic problem as well. A cut-over wood lot not far from mine may never regenerate into anything resembling a forest, as no tree or shrub can out compete this plague.

What invasive burdens are others bearing?

Jon Harris
Apr 16, 2010

I have a Norway maple on my conscience.

(And a house loaded with windows that birds keep trying to fly through!)

Carolyn Haley
Apr 16, 2010

Where can I find detailed directions on how to eradicate buckthorn, honeysuckle, and wild rose?  cjf

C J Frankiewicz
Apr 16, 2010

Virginia,

I go to great lengths to locate stands of Japanese knotweed so that I can pick it and eat it fresh and also use as the main ingredient in a wonderful chutney recipe.

I find that it spreads slowly when left alone, but when, say, the highway department renews a roadside ditch, the knotweed has a heyday.

Anyway, I figure knotweed needs an apologist and I seem to fit the bill…

Tom

Tom Seymour
Apr 16, 2010

Southwestern Michigan is over-run with the stuff. AND with garlic mustard.  AND with buckthorn. AND other invasives as well.

I have a large woodland farm, conservation easements all in possession of the Southwest Michigan Land Conservancy, and the garlic mustard may be more insidious and invidious than the autumn olive; soon the autumn olive will be blooming, and the sweetest perfume one can imagine will float down the hills on warm late spring evenings and invade our bedroom, and will be so lovely that one can momentarily, at least, think good thoughts about it.  But there is nothing good to think about garlic mustard: it supposedly can be eaten, but only once a year.  And one can make enough for two or three meals by pulling up maybe two plants.  And Roundup doesn’t work very well on it.  One’s perservance is not reward, and one’s age doesn’t stop advancing: pulling gets harder and harder as the years go by.  Each plant one misses spreads some 4000 seeds upon ripening, and those seeds are viable in the earth for up to seven years.  [Fire seems to offer some relief; or terrible drought.  Nothing else.  Nothing. Pulling only keeps it at bay.]

We have many deer on our property, and they don’t like the stuff any more than I do.

TCB

Tom Bailey
Apr 16, 2010

I bought a house with AO growing on it, they bought it for the turkeys. I spent 5 years cutting, hacking and mowing. When I sold the place, I warned the new owners about not letting it get out of control.

The people I bought the place from must have loved invasives; in addition to the AO they had cypress spurge, rosa rugosa, and burning bush. Not on the list but uncontrolled mint and tansy were growing in several gardens. They’re out there.

Kevin French
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